第13章：完整博客系统

13.1 项目规划

需求分析

在开发完整的博客系统之前，我们需要进行详细的需求分析：

功能需求：

1. 用户系统：注册、登录、个人资料管理
2. 文章管理：创建、编辑、删除、发布文章
3. 分类和标签：文章分类和标签系统
4. 评论系统：用户可以对文章进行评论
5. 搜索功能：按标题、内容、作者搜索文章
6. 管理后台：管理员可以管理文章、用户、评论等

非功能需求：

1. 响应式设计，支持移动端访问
2. 良好的SEO优化
3. 性能优化，支持高并发访问
4. 安全性保障，防止常见Web攻击
5. 易于维护和扩展

数据库设计

设计博客系统的数据库模型：

# models.py
from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
from django.urls import reverse
from django.utils.text import slugify

class Category(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, unique=True)
    slug = models.SlugField(max_length=100, unique=True, blank=True)
    description = models.TextField(blank=True)
    created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
    
    class Meta:
        verbose_name = "分类"
        verbose_name_plural = "分类"
        ordering = ['name']
    
    def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
        if not self.slug:
            self.slug = slugify(self.name)
        super().save(*args, **kwargs)
    
    def __str__(self):
        return self.name
    
    def get_absolute_url(self):
        return reverse('blog:category_detail', kwargs={'slug': self.slug})

class Tag(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique=True)
    slug = models.SlugField(max_length=50, unique=True, blank=True)
    created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
    
    class Meta:
        verbose_name = "标签"
        verbose_name_plural = "标签"
        ordering = ['name']
    
    def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
        if not self.slug:
            self.slug = slugify(self.name)
        super().save(*args, **kwargs)
    
    def __str__(self):
        return self.name
    
    def get_absolute_url(self):
        return reverse('blog:tag_detail', kwargs={'slug': self.slug})

class Article(models.Model):
    STATUS_CHOICES = [
        ('draft', '草稿'),
        ('published', '已发布'),
    ]
    
    title = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    slug = models.SlugField(max_length=200, unique=True, blank=True)
    author = models.ForeignKey(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name='articles')
    category = models.ForeignKey(Category, on_delete=models.SET_NULL, null=True, blank=True)
    tags = models.ManyToManyField(Tag, blank=True, related_name='articles')
    content = models.TextField()
    excerpt = models.TextField(blank=True, help_text="文章摘要")
    featured_image = models.ImageField(upload_to='articles/%Y/%m/', blank=True)
    status = models.CharField(max_length=10, choices=STATUS_CHOICES, default='draft')
    view_count = models.PositiveIntegerField(default=0)
    created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
    updated_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)
    published_at = models.DateTimeField(null=True, blank=True)
    
    class Meta:
        verbose_name = "文章"
        verbose_name_plural = "文章"
        ordering = ['-created_at']
        indexes = [
            models.Index(fields=['status', 'published_at']),
            models.Index(fields=['author']),
        ]
    
    def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
        if not self.slug:
            self.slug = slugify(self.title)
        
        if not self.excerpt:
            # 自动生成摘要
            self.excerpt = self.content[:200] + '...' if len(self.content) > 200 else self.content
        
        if self.status == 'published' and not self.published_at:
            from django.utils import timezone
            self.published_at = timezone.now()
        
        super().save(*args, **kwargs)
    
    def __str__(self):
        return self.title
    
    def get_absolute_url(self):
        return reverse('blog:article_detail', kwargs={'slug': self.slug})
    
    @property
    def is_published(self):
        return self.status == 'published'

class Comment(models.Model):
    article = models.ForeignKey(Article, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name='comments')
    author = models.ForeignKey(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name='comments')
    parent = models.ForeignKey('self', on_delete=models.CASCADE, null=True, blank=True, related_name='replies')
    content = models.TextField()
    is_approved = models.BooleanField(default=True)
    created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
    
    class Meta:
        verbose_name = "评论"
        verbose_name_plural = "评论"
        ordering = ['created_at']
    
    def __str__(self):
        return f'{self.author.username} 对 {self.article.title} 的评论'
    
    @property
    def is_reply(self):
        return self.parent is not None

小结

博客系统项目规划阶段需要重点关注：

1. ✅ 明确功能需求和非功能需求
2. ✅ 设计合理的数据库模型结构
3. ✅ 确定核心功能模块划分
4. ✅ 制定开发计划和时间安排
5. ✅ 考虑系统扩展性和维护性

良好的项目规划是成功开发的基础。

下一篇

我们将实现博客系统的核心功能。

13.2 核心功能实现 →

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